Vascular anomalies are a broad category of disorders affecting the blood vessels. They are typically present at birth or develop early in life and can range from simple birthmarks to more complex disorders involving major blood vessels. These anomalies are classified into two main categories: vascular tumors (like hemangiomas, which are non-cancerous) and vascular malformations.
Diagnosis often begins with a physical examination and a detailed medical history. Imaging tests such as ultrasound, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), or CT (Computed Tomography) scans are commonly used to understand the extent and type of the anomaly. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Symptoms vary widely depending on the type and location of the anomaly. Some common signs include visible marks on the skin, such as birthmarks or lesions, swelling, pain, or, in severe cases, functional impairment of the affected area. Some vascular anomalies may not present any symptoms initially but may become apparent as the child grows.
Treatment depends on the type, size and location of the anomaly, as well as any symptoms it may be causing. Options can range from observation for smaller, asymptomatic lesions to medication, laser therapy, sclerotherapy or surgery for more significant or symptomatic anomalies. A multidisciplinary team often manages treatment to address the various aspects of the condition.
Complications vary with the type of vascular anomaly and its location. They can include bleeding, infection, pain or interference with organ function. In some cases, especially without treatment, there may be a risk of complications such as ulceration or heart issues, depending on the anomaly's nature and severity.
Most vascular anomalies are congenital, meaning they occur during fetal development before a baby is born and are not preventable. Genetic factors may play a role in some cases, but often the exact cause is unknown.
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